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Indexed by:期刊论文

Date of Publication:2011-08-01

Journal:HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Included Journals:Scopus、SCIE

Volume:30

Issue:8

Page Number:1009-1021

ISSN No.:0960-3271

Key Words:antifouling; heavy metal; binary toxicity; sea urchin; embryo-larval bioassay

Abstract:Acute toxicity and synergism of four antifouling biocides (Irgarol 1051, dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid and Sea-Nine 211) and five heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu) are investigated using the sea urchin embryos of Glyptocidaris crenularis (G. crenularis) at six typical developmental stages, that is, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, blastula, gastrula and 4-arm pluteus. Our results show that the toxicity of the four biocides is in an order of Sea-Nine 211 > tolylfluanid > dichlofluanid > Irgarol 1051 and their -log EC(50) values at all stages are strongly linearly correlated with the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) values (correlation coefficients R > 0.72) indicating the importance of hydrophobicity for the embryonic toxicity. For the five heavy metals, the EC50 ranges from 0.36 to 30.78 mu M and the toxicity follows an order of Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd > Ni. The significant correlation (R > 0.79) between the -log EC50 and the bioconcentration factor (log BCF) values of metals also indicate that the bioaccumulation property of metals contributes to their aquatic toxicity. In addition, the joint effects of the biocides with the heavy metals in embryonic development are assessed by using a concentration addition model. Synergistic effects are observed in almost all 25 mixtures, showing that Cu yields the strongest while Ni the weakest synergistic toxic effects on the embryos development.